Temporomandibular Joint Disorders (TMD/TMJ), commonly called TMD or TMJ, are a collection of poorly understood conditions characterized by pain in the jaw and surrounding tissues accompanied by limitations in jaw movements. Injury and conditions that routinely affect other joints in the body, such as arthritis, also affect the temporomandibular joint. Approximately 35 million people in the United States suffer from TMD. While both men and women experience TMD, the majority of those seeking treatment are women in their childbearing years.
Used alone, biofeedback can improve pain, pain-related disability, and mandibular functioning (Feng et al., 2011). A meta-analysis of 13 studies of EMG biofeedback treatment showed biofeedback was superior to no treatment or psychological placebo control for patient pain reports, clinical exam findings, and/or ratings of global improvement (Crider & Glaros, 1999).
In a review of the literature, Crider, Glaros and Gevirtz (2005) reported on 14 controlled and uncontrolled outcome evaluations of biofeedback-based treatments for TMD published since 1978. The authors concluded that surface electromyographic (EMG) training of the masticatory muscles combined with adjunctive cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) techniques is an efficacious treatment for TMD. In a recent pilot study, Criado (2016) reported on EMG-biofeedback training and its success in treating muscle tension and painful symptoms in patients suffering from TMD when compared against a no-treatment control.
The texts Biofeedback ( Schwartz & Andrasik, 2003) and Mind-Body Medicine for Primary Care (Moss et al, 2003) can give a more detailed review and explanation of treating these disorders.
References:
Criado, L., de La Fuente, A., Heredia, M., Montero, J., Albaladejo, A., & Criado, J. (2016). Electromyographic biofeedback training for reducing muscle pain and tension on masseter and temporal muscles: A pilot study. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Dentistry, 8(5), 571-576. doi:10.4317/jced.52867.
Crider, A., Glaros, A., & Gevirtz, R. (2005). Efficacy of biofeedback-based treatments for temporomandibular disorders. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 30 (4), 333-345.
Crider, A., & Glaros, A. (1999). A meta-analysis of EMG biofeedback treatment of temporomandibular disorders. Journal of Orofacial Pain, 13 (1), 29-37.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK67787/
Feng, D., Niu, W., Ji, P., & Ji, A. (2011). Quantitative study on the efficacy of electromyograph biofeedback therapy of patients with masticatory spasm. 5th International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering, Wuhan, 2011. doi: 10.1109/icbbe.2011.5780204
Moss, D. (2003). Anxiety. in D. Moss and A. McGrady Moss, McGrady, T. Davies, & I. Wickramasekera, (Eds.), Handbook of mind-body medicine for primary care, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, pp. 359-375.
